![]() It also plays an important role in regulating toxicity and levels of ROS ( Figure 1), which is important for cytoprotection. In plants, it is involved in the regulation of a number of physiological processes, such as stomatal movement ( Figure 1), photosynthesis, induction of apoptosis, senescence, floral regulation, seed germination, lateral root formation, adventitious root formation, regulation of cellulose content in roots ( Figure 2), and various responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, sometimes in interaction with other hormones. In most of the experimental studies ( Table 1 and Table 2), a 100 µM aqueous SNP (NO donor) solution has been shown as the best dose, with some studies showing 200 as well, releasing nanomolar amounts of NO. NO is biologically active at 1 nmol/L concentration and participates in various signaling pathways to regulate plant growth and development. However, the emission of NO was first observed in plants by Klepper in Glycine max plants treated with herbicides, earlier than in animals. Since then, it has been found to be involved in various physiological processes in mammals, such as neurotransmission, vasodilation, immune regulation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, apoptosis, and defense against microbes. No ip duc 2.2.1 free#NO, an extremely reactive free radical and weak oxidant, is a unique type of diffusible signaling molecule first identified as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor. In this review, we highlight the recent molecular and physiological advances that provide insights into the functional role of NO in mediating various abiotic stress responses in plants.ĭepending on their concentration, both NO and ROS act as double-edged swords. In view of the multidimensional role of this signaling molecule, research over the past decade has investigated its potential in alleviating the deleterious effects of various abiotic stressors, particularly in ROS homeostasis. Exogenous application of various NO donors positively mitigates the negative effects of various abiotic stressors. Together, these interactions lead to the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), proline and glutathione biosynthesis, post-translational modifications such as S-nitrosylation, and modulation of gene and protein expression. The reactive gaseous signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) is involved in numerous plant developmental processes as well as plant responses to various abiotic stresses through its interactions with various molecules. With the rapidly growing human population and changing global climate conditions, it is critical to prevent global crop losses to meet the increasing demand for food and other crop products. These abiotic stressors are expected to become more extreme, less predictable, and more widespread in the near future. Abiotic stressors, such as drought, heavy metals, and high salinity, are causing huge crop losses worldwide. ![]()
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